Jews fleeing the pogroms of 1905 leave the borders of the Russian Empire. Painting

During the Russian Revolution of 1905-1907, a massive wave of pogroms took place in Russia again, the largest of which were the pogroms in Odessa and Rostov-on-Don. In October 1905, up to 690 pogroms took place in 102 settlements. The victims were of different ethnicity, but the majority were Jews [20]. During the October pogroms of 1905, more than 800 Jews were killed (not counting those who died soon from the consequences of the pogroms); material damage was estimated at more than 70 million rubles. Over 400 Jews perished in Odessa, over 150 in Rostov [21], dozens perished in other cities [4]. A number of pogroms also took place in 1906, by 1907 the pogroms had stopped [4]. The most massive pogroms in Russian history took place during the Russian Civil War. Pogroms during this period were committed by Ukrainian nationalists, formations of the "green", White Guards and units of the Red Army. According to various sources, during this period there were from 887 to more than 1,500 pogroms. Between 50 and 200 thousand Jews died. About 200 thousand were injured and maimed. Thousands of women have been raped. About 50 thousand women became widows, about 300 thousand children became orphans.