[291] LANDMARK CASES OF THE US SUPREME COURT Print

This piece chronologically lists landmark US Supreme Court rulings. 1 Marbury v. Madison (1803) Established the doctrine of judicial review. 2 McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) The Constitution gives the federal government certain implied powers. 3 Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) The power to regulate interstate commerce encompasses the power to regulate navigation 4 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, are not American citizens and cannot sue in federal court 5 Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Racial segregation laws for public facilities are constitutional as long as the segregated facilities are equal in quality 6 Schenck v. United States (1919) The freedom of speech protection can be restricted if the words represent to society a “clear and present danger.” 7 Korematsu v. United States (1944) The exclusion order leading to the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII was constitutional 8 Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Separate schools are not equal 9 Cooper v. Aaron (1958) States cannot nullify decisions of the federal courts 10 Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Illegally obtained material cannot be used in a criminal trial 11 Engel v. Vitale (1962) School initiated-prayer in the public school system violates the First Amendment 12 Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Indigent defendants must be provided representation without charge 13 New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) In order to prove libel, a public official must show that what was said against them was made with actual malice 14 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Police must inform suspects of their rights before questioning 15 Terry v. Ohio (1968) Stop and frisks do not violate the Constitution under certain circumstances 16 Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) Students do not leave their rights at the schoolhouse door 17 Roe v. Wade (1973) Unduly restrictive state regulation of abortion is unconstitutional 18 United States v. Nixon (1974) The President is not above the law 19 Goss v. Lopez (1975) Students are entitled to certain due process rights 20 Regents of the U. of California v. Bakke (1978) Racial quotas in university admissions process unconstitutional, but use of affirmative action to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances 21 Bethel School District #43 v. Fraser (1987) Students do not have a First Amendment right to make obscene speeches in school. 22 Texas v. Johnson (1989) Even offensive speech such as flag burning is protected by the First Amendment. 23 Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) Colleges and universities have a legitimate interest in promoting diversity. 24 Roper v. Simmons (2005) It is cruel and unusual punishment to execute persons for crimes they committed before age 18.

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