[287] SUPREME COURT OF THE US - WITH LANDMARK CASES Print

The Supreme Court of the United States + Landmark Cases This piece chronologically orders all Supreme Court Justices since the court was formed by George Washington in 1789, right up until the present. 115 Justices in Total 109 white men 2 black men 3 white women 1 Hispanic woman Landmark Cases included in this piece Marbury v. Madison (1803) Holding: Established the doctrine of judicial review. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Holding: The Constitution gives the federal government certain implied powers. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Holding: The power to regulate interstate commerce encompasses the power to regulate navigation. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Holding: Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, are not American citizens and cannot sue in federal court. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Holding: Racial segregation laws for public facilities are constitutional as long as the segregated facilities are equal in quality. Schenck v. United States (1919) Holding: The freedom of speech protection can be restricted if the words represent to society a “clear and present danger.” Korematsu v. United States (1944) Holding: The exclusion order leading to the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII was constitutional. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Holding: Separate schools are not equal. Cooper v. Aaron (1958) Holding: States cannot nullify decisions of the federal courts. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Holding: Illegally obtained material cannot be used in a criminal trial. Engel v. Vitale (1962) Holding: School initiated-prayer in the public school system violates the First Amendment. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Holding: Indigent defendants must be provided representation without charge. New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) Holding: In order to prove libel, a public official must show that what was said against them was made with actual malice. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Holding: Police must inform suspects of their rights before questioning. Terry v. Ohio (1968) Holding: Stop and frisks do not violate the Constitution under certain circumstances. Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) Holding: Students do not leave their rights at the schoolhouse door. Roe v. Wade (1973) Holding: Unduly restrictive state regulation of abortion is unconstitutional. United States v. Nixon (1974) Holding: The President is not above the law. Goss v. Lopez (1975) Holding: Students are entitled to certain due process rights. Texas v. Johnson (1989) Holding: Even offensive speech such as flag burning is protected by the First Amendment. Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) Holding: Colleges and universities have a legitimate interest in promoting diversity. Roper v. Simmons (2005) Holding: It is cruel and unusual punishment to execute persons for crimes they committed before age 18.

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